The study was conducted in two indigenous communities in Western Mindanao. One is in the 750-hectare indigenous agroforestry areas in Tanduh, Luuk, and Sulu. The other area is in the 446-hectare indigenous upland barangay of Tabulian, Mapun, Tawi-Tawi. The study specifically aimed to: characterized the indigenous agroforestry systems of the Jama Mapun in Tawi-Tawi and compare them with the Tausug agroforestry systems in Sulu; determine the major communities; and assess the influence of modernization on farm productivity, stability, equitability and sustainability of indigenous agroforestry in these communities.